Object-Oriented Applications DB One Research Paper

Object-Oriented Applications DB One - Research Paper Example With the exacerbating software systems’ sophistication and sizes, the design of such systems focuses on more than just the algorithms and computational data structures to encompass system structure specification amid the underlying structural issues (Clements, 2010). This process defines what software architecture is all about. Gross organization of system structures in software has been a long living problem is software design. Software architecture is tailored towards addressing the underlying structural issues in designing and developing software. Since gross organization of system structures is just but of the primary issues that software architecture seeks to solve, there are a number of other evident issues. Controlling software system structures in the global context is another primary issue. In this regard, software architecture is, therefore, a procedural undertaking that seeks to design software systems in such a way that the structure of the systems can effectively be controlled. This means that software architecture is a global undertaking in the design and development of software. Software architecture also primarily encompasses realigning communication protocols, synchronize software designs, enhance data access, scale software performance, and revolutionize design elements in software development (Bass, Clements & Kazman, 2003). Role of Software Architects Software architects play numerous and dynamic roles in the IT industry, based on their field of specialization and the level of software design they undertake. One of the primary roles of software architects is the development of software designs that are macro-level in nature. Software architecture is applied across wide ranges of usability, from an individual context aspect to an organizational level. The use of software designs across the globe differs in terms of application and level of use. For this reason, macro-level designs become critical to account for by software architects. On the same note, inter-relating applications in software designs calls for understanding and documenting the applications’ relationships, and software architects play an active role in this pursuit. Addressing design issues in software development is not the only focus of software architects. They also undertake code reviews and mentoring in software architecture (Bell, 2008). Software architects in most cases employ team work in their undertakings for effective and efficient outcome that meets the expectations outlined by pursued goals and objectives. In reviewing codes and carrying out mentoring programs on software designs, it is easy to determine and point out areas of software architecture that need to be improved or advanced. On the same note, loopholes in the process can be effectively addressed and can consequently lead to the realization of an improved software architecture pursuit. Quality assurance and provision of relevant information to users of architectural so ftware also falls under the docket of software architects’ role. Over and above the outlined roles, application design and application security constitute the role of software architects in software design and development (Javier & Mario, 2005). Example of Software Architecture Role Software architecture employs massive data computation in every aspect of software design and development software structures. A software architec

CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment Essay

CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment - Essay Example The paper is divided into seven sections, in the first section; Ulrike and Tate have developed a model that predicts that managerial overconfidence leads to positive investment-cash flow sensitivity. The second part they give the data that they used and the third section explains the building of overconfidence instruments and the substitute instruments. The fourth section gives the evidence they collected that supports the idea that CEO’s overconfidence increases the sensitivity of investment to cash flows, the fifth section deals with evidence to support the proposition that CEO overconfidence is more in the equity dependent firms. Section 6 examines the relationship of CEO’s overconfidence to other personal characteristics and section seven is the conclusion. In the first section, they use a 2 period model that shows the effects of a CEO’s overconfidence on a firms investments in an well-organized market. In coming up with the model, they assume that asymmetry of information and agency relationships does not affect the investment decisions of a manger and that the only factor affecting the decisions is the CEO’s overconfidence. ... In section 2, the paper uses data of 477 large publicly traded firms in the United States between the years 1980 and 1994, in order to compare the data on how the CEO’s managed their personal account and the firms account, more information was derived from COMPUSTAT database. The data measured include investments as capital expenditure, cash flow as earnings before extra ordinary items plus depreciation, and capital as property, plants and equipments, and investments and cash flow are normalised with the beginning of the year capital. In addition, information on the CEO’s employment histories is collected where the CEO’s are classified into three groups based on their education history, that is, those with technical education, those with finance education and those with other degrees In the results, the y found out that the out of the 113 CEO’s who qualified the holder 67 selection criteria, 115 of them displayed characteristics of overconfidence in their personal portfolios. From the results there were minimal cases correlation between overconfidence and the firm or the CEO’s characteristics, this relationship was found to be opposite for different subsamples or the different measures of overconfidence used. Some of the alternative explanations to the measures that Gate and Ulrike gave include the following. Inside information, this is where a CEO may decide to lower risk exposure of a company due information that he has on the future stock prices, this information will also influence the investment cash flow sensitivity. The second alternative is signalling where a company would be passing information to the capital markets that its prospects are better than of rival firm, signalling in most